Diane Wolk-Rogers : A Parkland teacher's homework for us all

Diane Wolk-Rogers at TED2018
A Parkland teacher's homework for us all  (transcript)
Summary
After all, I don't understand about a gun violence.
It's because people would not like to do their homework when they were students. However, in the talk, audiences were very glad to receive their homework. 　

The homework is to look at multiple choice about student's question how we stop the senseless violence.
The students go to school in Parkland where a gun accident happened on Valentine's Day 2018.

Choice A was entrusting.
Gun manufacturers have to design gun safety, stores have to sell those guns  responsibly, and someone has to own and use the gun responsibly.
The result was that no one in this chain assumed responsibility.

Choice B is asking ourselves rigorously. Whether it is possible for us not to think about pulling a trigger in times of mental illness, or not. 
However, who lays down their guns when they think that they might have it?

Choice C is solving many issues which affect why people buy and use guns.
The speaker tells us that people perhaps won't feel the need to buy and use a gun when they all equally feel safe, healthy, respected and cared for.

And then this is not our homework to choose one from them but we have to write our own Choice D or more.

No one learned to kill people and themselves, but people do. Does teaching this work?
We have to notice that this is not a gun problem but we all have to think about why we are born.

Words in this story
rigorously
initiativeiˈ/niSH(ē)ətiv/noun/ pioneer, forerunner, lead

Dan Gross : Why gun violence can't be our new normal

Dan Gross at TED2016
Why gun violence can't be our new normal  (transcript)
Summary
I didn't understand many things about guns because I live in a place where having guns are banned and which is said a stupid country because of that.

Their opinion is that there is no way to protect yourself without having guns.
However, although there is the Brady Bill, over 900 children and teens take their own lives every year.
And then people said that it should be strengthened more. However, the corporate gun lobby has spent a lot of money. This lobby act is not to stop having guns but to block pediatricians from talking to parents about the dangers of guns in the home. 

The speaker tells us that the reason is an advertisement. A lie becomes the truth. It means that a gun can protect families because many tragic accidents are hidden.
In the talk, audiences respected this opinion and the talk was ended with great applause.

However, it's not said that stopping having guns and all tragic accidents will be announced.

I think that people think that they can have guns safely because the Brady Law must be strengthened more and bad and crazy people don't have guns.

And then after the talk, the tragic gun accidents happened again and more people bought guns.

Words in this story
Brady Law: full Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, U.S. The legislation is to conduct background checks on individuals purchasing any firearm for the purchase.
threat /noun/ intimidation
law-abiding /adj/ legal, lawful
pediatrician /noun/ a medical practitioner specializing in children and their diseases

José Andrés : How a team of chefs fed Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria

José Andrés at TEDxMidAtlantic
How a team of chefs fed Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria  (transcript)
Summary
After the disaster, even Red Cross Salvation Army went there, whether they can help all people who got damage, or not.
The areas where only local people knew, which are far places from cities, and where people think that they couldn't go there because the bridge was broken don't have enough food.

Puerto Rico is constructed by some small islands. After Hurricane Maria, the speaker continued finding people who couldn't have food and feeding them.

It gathered other volunteers naturally and served close to 70,000 meals a day that was the number we couldn't believe.

His really pure thoughts that he has to deliver hot food to people who are in disaster areas help many people. New ideas hit him that time also.

Words in thins story
destruction /noun/  demolition, wrecking
endeavor /noun/ attempt, try, bid, effort
stabilize /verb/ make or become unlikely to give way or overturn.

Laura Vanderkam : How to gain control of your free time

Laura Vanderkam at TEDWomen 2016
How to gain control of your free time  (transcript)
Summary
l didn't remember what l explained about the TED talk in the morning today because I was really sleepy.
In this, there were great words she said.

Truly believe that there is time, even if we are busy. We have time for what matters. When we focus on what matters, we can build the lives that we want in the time we’ve got.

More focus on what you want to do or have to do.

Is the priority right on what you do now?
It's okay for you to change your priorities you do today.

The reason I couldn't do my homework isn't that I didn't have time. It's that my homework wasn't chosen by me to do and I didn't want to do it. Hahaha 😅

Words in this story
tardiness /noun/ being late
judicious /adj/ having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense.
usage /noun/ the action of using something or the fact of being used.

Naomi Watanabe, the “Beyoncé of Japan,” Is Taking Down Sizeism inTokyo—And Becoming a Fashion Icon

Magazine Vogue

Naomi Watanabe, the “Beyoncé of Japan,” Is Taking Down Sizeism in Tokyo—And Becoming a Fashion Icon  (article)
Summary
Although models of the world often are too thin, it has not changed for a long time. The world would think that Japanese girls and women are small, shy and they won't show their minds straightly.
Those gaps would help and make Naomi Watanabe famous uniquely.
Now, her video copying Beyoncé comedically virally spreads on Youtube. She has 7.3 million followers on Instagram.
She has careers as a model, talk host, brand mascot,movie actress and a fixture on numerous TV networks, radio show, and commercials. Fixture means that she is anywhere and anytime definitely.
However, it's not easy to find fit clothes, dresses, and costumes for her, but she becomes a Fashion Icon.
She wanted to wear the same dresses every girl had. and just wants women to be natural.
It seems to change that people's hope. In the past, people wanted to be thin like models and actresses, but now, Naomi tells us that everybody should be happy in their own skin and you shouldn't reject the way you are.

Words in this story
fixture /  piece of equipment or furniture that is fixed in position in a building or vehicle.
sizeism /noun/ prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of a person's size.
aesthetic /adj/ concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.
inclusive /adj/ including or covering all the services, facilities, or items normally expected or required.

Arthur Benjamin : The magic of Fibonacci numbers

Arthur Benjamin at TEDGlobal 2013
The magic of Fibonacci numbers  (transcript)
Summary
What a beautiful number line it is!
I didn't know about Fibonacci numbers, but I  could answer a question why we should learn difficult mathematics. My friends often said that they wouldn't need it for their everyday life, my answer was that it must affect our ways of thinking, though.
l didn't have better scores of mathematics in school, however, l liked mathematics.
l love thinking about solving quizzes ingeniously, and l think that it teaches me that using my brain create new things.

The speaker also tells us why we learn mathematics. The reasons are calculations, application, and inspiration. He wants us to have the opportunity to know that mathematics is very fun. It must make us excited.

Fibonacci number: when some squares are gathered and one rectangle is created, it appears beautiful patterns about the side lengths and the areas.

Isabel Behncke : Evolution's gift of play, from bonobo apes to humans

Isabel BehnckeatTED2011
Evolution's gift of play, from bonobo apes to humans  (transcript)
Summary
The speaker is a primatologist who studies about bonobos.
The bonobo is a kind of chimpanzee in Congo who is our living closest relative, but it's not famous. We think that Congo and chimpanzees are dangerous and are related to aggression. However, Congo is a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty, and bonobo society is a highly tolerant society where fatal violence has not been observed and which is run by empowered females. The bonobo likes to play. It's not only for children games and the speaker tells us that we humans must forget that play is very important.
Playing is foundational for bonding relationships and fostering tolerance. We can learn about the rules of games, creativity, resilience, and diversity. It's included in the diversity of interactions, behaviors, and connections also.
The speaker is so sexy that it might be difficult to convey the true meaning.
We have to enjoy playing and we can learn it from bonobos, you wouldn't know it, though.

Words in this story
ape /noun/  primate, simian, monkey
aggression /noun/ hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another; readiness to attack or confront.
frivolous /adj/ petty

Tshering Tobgay : This country isn't just carbon neutral — it's carbon negative

Tshering Tobgay at TED2016
This country isn't just carbon neutral — it's carbon negative (transcript)
Summary
This country is the Kingdom of Bhutan which is located in the Himalayas, between two big countries China and India.
The speaker is Bhutan's Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay.  He said that their country is small, but they promise for our world to remain carbon neutral that is to have a net zero carbon footprint.
It means that inside the country, amount of carbon released is the equal amount of carbon sink. Bhutan is the only one that keeps carbon neutral in the world and now it has a net carbon sink more than carbon released. It means carbon negative.

Their king and citizens have worked to develop their country tirelessly and hard.  The country makes citizen use their limited resources very carefully and it tries not to undermine their unique culture and pristine environment. They are doing it with small amount of money and with creating a funding mechanism.

It's said that Bhutan has the first number of GNH in the world. GNH is Gross National Happiness.

Let's stop blaming each other for casting climate change. We must be able to manage, have to try carbon neutral, and lead better lives while continuing to live in harmony with Mother Nature.
Let's work together to protect our planet.

Words in this story
offset /verb/ counteract (something) by having an opposing force or effect.
impeach /verb/  challenge, question, disparage
pristine /adj/ in its original condition; unspoiled.
breach /noun/ an act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct.
havoc /noun/  devastation, destruction, damage

Jonathan Tepperman : The risky politics of progress

Jonathan Tepperman at TEDSummit 2016
The risky politics of progress  (transcript)
Summary
I think that this is a better TED talk about political measures. It’s because it tells us strongly that all things have positive sides and negative sides. Thus, a politician who says only positive ideas can't do anything and we have to elect better politicians and then we have to give courage to them.

The essential keys for problem-solving are
to embrace the extreme, 1)
to collect promiscuous thinking, 2)
and
to please all of the people some of the time. 3)

I really understood our country's failure.
Japan doesn't embrace the extreme. Japanese people don't think that we face a crisis aging problem. 1)
Japanese people don't listen to new ideas from especially young people. 2)
Citizens are disappointed by politicians after elections. 3)

And then, they and the media stick only to complain, even when they are in favor. They don't try to think about answers but they don't encourage politicians who are elected by them also.

People should know that making big changes involves taking big risks. It means that politics of progress needs the risks. However, there is fear, but we can overcome the fear by electing gutsy politicians and by cooperating with them.

Words in this stoy
promiscuous /adj/ having or characterized by many transient sexual relationships.
integration /noun/  synthesis, unification
triumph /noun/ victory, win
compromise /noun/ an agreement or a settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions.
intimacy /noun/ close familiarity or friendship; closeness.

Sendhil Mullainathan : Solving social problems with a nudge

Sendhil Mullainathan at TEDIndia 2009
Solving social problems with a nudge  (transcript)
Summary
People sometimes can't do something that someone thinks that it's really easy. However, people are not stupid but there is something very profoundly right about what people are doing.
In fact, the brain does lots of inconsistent things strangely, the mind is more complex, and there is no management. Thus we humans are struggling with them.
It means that it is hard to do if you get a really good result or someone or you persuade you to do something.  Realize intention doesn't always translate into action.
There are examples everyone knows that people can't continue to study English or can't get up early or can't go to the gym.
People think that doing it is easy. However, they can't do it.
Even if people know about the data, they can't do it.

People bring water with leaky bucket unconsciously every day, but It is hard for them to exchange the bucket, even they know or they are taught or they are persuaded.
Before they know, the bucket should be changed or they should be put to another situation.  It's just occurred a design innovation in their everyday lives, they can be changed. It can be said that they naturally and unconsciously do it that they couldn't do.

This is a study: behavioral economics that is often used in our markets. Our brain and mind are complex though a small thing can change them. However, we don't notice and we have to be careful. 

Words in this story
nudge /verb/ prod (someone) gently, typically with one's elbow, in order to draw their attention to something.
leaky /adj/ having a leak or leaks.
intention /noun/ purpose, objective, aim, goal
synthesize /verb/ make (something) by synthesis, especially chemically.

Shlomo Benartzi : Saving for tomorrow, tomorrow

Shlomo Benartzi at TEDSalon NY2011
Saving for tomorrow, tomorrow  (transcript)
Summary
When people take a little bit of the increase in the paycheck home, they spend more. Thus when people want to save money more, it has to be going to go away from your paycheck to the banks before you see it automatically. Pension systems are also the same.
There are temptations, gratification, and present bias that we want to use money today. However, people are lazy and it works with inertia. It is lacking action. If people do nothing or if they keep procrastinating or if they don't check the boxes, the default is automatically set and it wins powerfully.

Although this time the talk didn't mention, now companies use this way that is a credit card. We have to be careful.
And then people start looking for the ways that it's not necessary to retire or people can earn without doing something forever.

Words in this story
divert /verb/ reroute, redirect, change the course of
devise /verb/ invent, think out, plot, attempt
mortgage / convey (a property) to a creditor as security on a loan.
implicitly /adv/ without qualification: absolutely.

Paul Piff : Does money make you mean?

Paul Piff at TEDxMarin 2013
Does money make you mean?  (transcript)
Summary
Does money make you mean?
Unfortunately, according to the speaker's research that in rigged a game of  Monopoly, one player could be rich, money made the rich man mean obviously.
A poor person offered help to another person more than a rich person.
A rich man took candy from a jar of candy more than a poor man, and a rich man broke the law in driving more than a poor man.
The research showed that wealthier individuals were more likely to lie in negotiations and to endorse unethical behavior at work or in life.
However, it turned out that those differences between rich people and poor people were not innate or categorical but small things could change to people's values and nudge of compassion.
If all people can be nudged of compassion and bumped of empathy, we won't feel inequality.
Now, it seems to start that wealthiest individuals use their own economic resources to change in people's behavior and in social values.
It's because not only the American dream but also our world should be the world that we all have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper, as long as we apply ourselves and work hard.

Words in this story
rig /verb/ make (a sailing ship or boat) ready for sailing by providing it with sails and rigging.
endorse /verb/ declare one's public approval or support of.
nudge /verb/ prod (someone) gently, typically with one's elbow, in order to draw their attention to something.
plight /noun/ predicament, quandary, difficult situation

Anjali Kumar : My failed mission to find God — and what I found instead

Anjali Kumar at TEDWomen 2017
My failed mission to find God — and what I found instead  (transcript)
Summary
Is this the story that we can't find what we are looking for?
We always find boyfriends or husbands, thus we can't find them.
We always find happiness, thus we can't find it.
The speaker wanted to find God, but she found her husband, happiness, and commonality.
When we say that we don't find anything, we see the differences of religious, ethnic, political, philosophical and what others do or did.
However, we are all the same human.
We just seek the connection, we ask for good health and love for ourselves and our families and we want to keep them secret.

Words in this story
insurmountable /adj/ too great to be overcome.
pilgrimage /noun/ a pilgrim's journey.
inconclusive /adj/ not leading to a firm conclusion; not ending doubt or dispute.

Valarie Kaur : 3 lessons of revolutionary love in a time of rage

If Sarah Kay’s son was born, she would tell us the same things by using spoken-word poetry. I thought that in this TED, the speaker was really like Sarah Kay would speak.

Valarie Kaur at TEDWomen 2017
3 lessons of revolutionary love in a time of rage  (transcript)
Summary
Rage means violent anger or uncontrollable anger and there is massive hatred.
We live there now, we forget it and we say that we love many things.
If there is forgiveness there, it makes us free from hate.
Forgiveness is not forgetting and we shouldn't forget people who hurt us are more wounded. Thus we need to forgive them with love. That needs revolutionary love.
It is to forgive others, to love others and to love yourself.

People were born by their mothers struggling. There is no rage and hatred there. Whatever may occur, we have to return there with revolutionary love.

Words in this story
hatred /noun/ intense dislike or ill will.
rage /noun/ violent, uncontrollable anger.
struggle /verb/ fight, combat
suffer /verb/  hurt, ache, be in pain, feel pain

Vivek Maru : How to put the power of law in people's hands

Vivek Maru at TEDGlobal 2017
How to put the power of law in people's hands (transcript)
Summary
People think that now existing laws can protect and save all people though it's wrong. It’s because laws are created by people who create it with power use it easily.

In the past, there was the law that enforced racial segregation, however, the new law, the Jim Crow South, in the United States continued to be enforced.

Similar things are still continuing in many countries and there are laws only in the book, but many people who really need laws can't achieve it or the systems that are enforced it will be broken.

All people have to receive legal supports in our world. The world is always changing, thus our laws have to be changing. Laws have to be understood by people who really need it and to be created by them.

Namati is working with them for people can know laws, use it and shape it equally.

Words in this story
exclusive /adj/ excluding or not admitting other things
exclude /verb/ except, remove, except, remove
include /verb/  contain, comprise, embrace
herds people / several nationalities
uncontaminated /adj/ unpolluted
pollution /noun/ contamination, the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects.
eviction /noun/  expulsion, ejection, ousting, removal. the action of expelling someone, especially a tenant, from a property; expulsion.
bet /verb/ stake, wager, gamble

Linus Torvalds : The mind behind Linux

Linus Torvalds at TED2016
The mind behind Linux  (transcript)
Summary
I don't know about programming completely. However, even such a person must use Linux programming systems when he/she uses the computer. Linux that powers much of the internet is in millions of computer and in every single one of the Android devices. Now Its system becomes an open source that everyone makes small or big changes.

The speaker created the kernel of Linux, however, he said that first, there was no intention behind using the kind of open-source methodology. He just enjoyed programming to get what he wanted, and then someone contributed some code, gave him feedback and gave him ideas.

I love his thoughts.
First, enjoy your work.
Give, give, give, give and give someone something you have. Although the speaker said that someone gave him feedback, it meant that he opened his systems to everyone as open source desperately.
Big and benefit are not related to being yourself. He said that the big point was when it was becoming little.
Being stubborn and just continuing, even it takes much time.
At last, we are different but we have to work together. We might not agree to disagree but we can have an interest in different things and it's important those combinations with good taste and instinct.

There are many people who have a lot of big plans, a five-year plan, and want to go to space. They are really better people, however, the speaker said that he is a person who is looking at the ground, wants to fix the pothole that in front of him before he falls in.
I might also be like him probably.
Our communities and the world will be the same systems as programming and they are needed.

Words in this story
stubborn / having or showing dogged determination not to change one's attitude or position on something, especially in spite of good arguments or reasons to do so.
exceptional /adj/ unusual, not typical
instinctively /adv/ involuntarily
vilify /verb/ speak or write about in an abusively disparaging manner.

Tristram Stuart : The global food waste scandal

Tristram Stuart at TEDSalon London Spring 2012
The global food waste scandal  (transcript)
Summary
The problem is a vicious circle. Human desire is horrible. In Japan there is a Proverb: A grudge over food is scary.
I think that this problem has to start consumers, the speaker started from supermarkets, though.

My questions are why supermarkets have to be set a lot of shelves that are full of food and why supermarkets don't serve sandwiches with crusts. It's because people consumers complain that supermarket doesn't have enough food, their refrigerators are full of food, though. Then I often see that children say that they don't want to eat crusts of bread.

My second questions are it's not true that the government has favorite ways of getting rid of food waste. The government wants to collect taxes more from us and companies. The government plans that people and companies can buy more food, even if it creates foods waste.

After all, it returns back to us. Not the government, companies, and supermarkets but we have to have the power to stop this tragic waste of food problem and tell governments and corporations that we want to see an end to food waste.
Today too, there are people who couldn't eat enough food in the world, but people throw out edible food.

Words in this story
vicious /adj/ deliberately cruel or violent.
crusts /noun/ the tough outer part of a loaf of bread.
inedible /adj/ not fit or suitable for eating.
empirical /adj/ experiential, practical
anaerobic /adj/ relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.

Naoko Ishii : An economic case for protecting the planet

Naoko Ishii at TEDGlobal>NYC 2017
An economic case for protecting the planet  (transcript)
Summary
I was sorry that I think the talk was boring, the speaker told us many important things, though.
I really wanted to tell the world that Japanese fishermen haven't overfished since a long time ago. Just Japanese people have been good at cooking. When foreigners ate a dish of fish, especially a whale, they felt that it’s strongly delicious. Thus they always say that only Japanese people catch whales. However, In Japan, whaling is preserved but overfishing hasn't occurred.
Now, there are countries which secretly catch a lot of fish and they sell them to Japan. Before fish disappear, countries should stop fishing, Japan also should stop buying, and the fish‐raising industries should be spread.

Then change environment needs to do with economic systems but people have to know that it leads to economic down. We need to change our city, energy system, production-consumption system and food system.

We don't have time to wait.

Words in this story
absorb /verb/ soak up, suck up
deteriorate /verb/ become progressively worse.

Lisa Feldman Barrett : You aren't at the mercy of your emotions — your brain creates them

Lisa Feldman Barrett at TED@IBM 2017
You aren't at the mercy of your emotions — your brain creates them  (transcript)
Summary
What are emotions?
The answer of the speaker is that emotions are just guesses. Our brain doesn't contain emotion circuits. It means that emotions are not built into our brain at birth.

Emotions are guesses that our brain constructs in the moment where billions of brain cells are working together and we have more control over those guesses than we might imagine that we do.
Using past experience, our brain predicts and constructs our experience of the world, thus our brain does not react to the world.

The actions and the experiences that we make today become our brain's predictions for tomorrow.
I think that this is why our emotions are always swaying. It can go better sides but it can also go wrong sides easily. Then those are our responsibility, the speaker said that it's very hard to swallow, though.

However, the speaker said that we don't have to choke on that idea but we must embrace it.

I think that it means that we have to have responsibility for our everyday actions. It leads us to having strong emotions naturally.

Words in this story
mercy /noun/  compassion, grace, pity, charity
exhaustive /adj/ examining, including, or considering all elements or aspects; fully comprehensive.
preposterous /noun/ dumb, inept, silly, mad
wretchedness /noun/ miserableness, misery

David Gallo at TED1998 Life in the deep oceans

David Gallo at TED1998
Life in the deep oceans  (transcript)
Summary
The height of the world’s highest mountain we know is 8,848 meters. The story happens on the other side or you may say in the Earth, so it's in the ocean, it's deep ocean, the depth is some miles, and still, there is not explored.

There seems to be a giant squid of about 45 meters total length. Called worms that are creatures which have no mouth, no digestive, and two types of gill structures, I think, are not there but are overgrowing.

Some areas are microgravity environments, but other areas, there is pressure enough to crush an empty Pepsi can but there are creatures existing. Temperature is from at about 200 degrees C to at three degrees C there, and somehow, toxic gas is coming out from a deep ocean.

However, we probably came and evolved from there. In the ocean. There are the longest mountain ranges on the planet, most of the earthquakes and volcanoes are in the bottom of the sea, and most of the animals are in the oceans.
Those must be our Earth's history. We can't help exploring the deep oceans because it’s mysterious and our life.

Words in this story
bizarre /adj/ strange, odd
ridge / noun/ a long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed.
disintegrate /verb/  break up, break apart, rot, decay

Petter Johansson : Do you really know why you do what you do?

Petter Johansson at TEDxUppsalaUniversity
Do you really know why you do what you do?  (transcript)
Summary
According to the speaker's research, we must understand that our attitudes are not set in stone. It's more flexible than we think. We think that we have self-knowledge, but what we have is self-interpretation.
Thus we can change the minds of others if we can only get them to engage with the issue and see it from the opposite view.
It is very hard to see something from an opposite view and to prove that we are wrong about ourselves. However, it leads us to choice blindness.
We have to know we don't know ourselves. We can use our flexibility to make a better relational life. 

Words in this story
manipulation /noun/ control, handling
inclination /noun/  tendency
consistent /adj/ (of a person, behavior, or process) unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time.

Allan Adams : What the discovery of gravitational waves means

Allan Adams at TED2016
What the discovery of gravitational waves means  (transcript)
Summary
"LIGO": the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory was built in the United State.
This is a big astronomical tool to observe the gravitational wave.
The idea came from a thought that is colliding two black holes 1.3 billion years ago.
Two black holes collided, but they didn't release their energy in light. All energy was pumped into the fabric of space and time itself, and making the Universe explode in gravitational waves. It's like a ripple and very weak.
LIGO can create its sound as frequencies. We can't see the images but we can hear the story that the waves are telling.
It means that this is a new way that lets us the Universe and hear the invisible.
What the discovery of gravitational waves means is that we can explore the first few moments of the Universe that we'll never see by listening.

Words in this story
collide /verb/ crash into, hit, strike
preposterously /adv/ ludicrously, laughably, ridiculously
ripple /noun/  wave

Sangu Delle : In praise of macro — yes, macro -- finance in Africa

Sangu Delle at TEDGlobal 2014
In praise of macro — yes, macro -- finance in Africa  (transcript)
Summary
Microfinance is successful in Africa, it's not aid instead.
By using microfinance, people, even females who have babies could start small businesses and create its system. Microfinance helps many families emotionally in Africa.
However, the speaker tells everyone that there are some companies in Africa, which can use big finance.
African people now seek free trades and more jobs like developed countries wrestle with.
Now is Africa’s chance for big trades.

Words in this story
macro /noun/ a single instruction that expands automatically into a set of instructions to perform a particular task.
macro  /adj/ large-scale; overall.
prescription /noun/ an instruction written by a medical practitioner that authorizes a patient to be provided a medicine or treatment.
prescribe /verb/ write a prescription for, authorize
Pan-African /adj/ of or relating to all people of African birth or descent.

Prosanta Chakrabarty : Clues to prehistoric times, found in blind cavefish

Prosanta Chakrabarty at TED2016
Clues to prehistoric times, found in blind cavefish (transcript)
Summary
The speaker’s a dream is really fantastic. It's to discover and save new species as an ichthyologist who studies about fishes. It leads to studying and telling about the geology of the planet and the biology of how we see.
It recently turns out that new species hide in caves.
In caves, some fish species start to adapt to the dark, cold, and cave environment. Strangely, they lose their eyes and eyesight. They couldn't move make us imagine that the continents were last together.

In our earth, there are many species undiscovered that don't have names but many of them already extinct.
The study also leads to saving our environment.

Word in this story
cave /noun/ a large underground chamber, typically of natural origin, in a hillside or cliff.
Ichthyology /noun/ the branch of zoology that deals with fishes.
extinct /adj/  lost, died out, no longer existing

Joseph Kim : The family I lost in North Korea. And the family I gained.

Joseph Kim at TEDGlobal 2013
The family I lost in North Korea. And the family I gained  (transcript)
Summary
I didn't know how many people who ran away from North Korea were saved and why they continued to love their country where they couldn't live in.

The speaker lost his family in North Korea because of severe starvation. His father died, his mother ran away to China and his sister went to look for her mother to China. He was alone in North Korea without food.

However, he had strong hopes. He wanted to see with his mother and sister and to look for them, thus he had to live. His hopes must lead him to meeting a new family in the United State fortunately.

He can become to eat and study every day with family.

The answer is a family. The family that births you and The family that grows you are really important, even your life is hard, you are alone and you aren't with biological family.
The speaker tells us to have hope to survive. It's because you have a family in your mind always that you can do.

Words in this story
suffocate /verb/ die or cause to die from lack of air or inability to breathe
satisfy /verb/ meet the expectations, needs, or desires of (someone).
overwhelming /adj/ very great in amount.
permission /noun/ approval, license
humiliation /noun/ the action of humiliating someone or the state of being humiliated.

Judith Heumann : Our fight for disability rights — and why we're not done yet

Judith Heumann TEDxMidAtlantic 2017
Our fight for disability rights — and why we're not done yet (transcript)
Summary
I think that it must be important to think something that is a bit odd or a little funny, to ask them to a lot of people and to discuss them.
It's because people hide differences and they endure it. Then there is discrimination there though people don't say anything. When women got right, it took time.

However, there are still many countries which don't have its laws.

However, we have been the same humans having the same rights.

Now, the same things happen to disabilities. If we break our leg or hand, we can't ride on buses or can't write anything on the exam.

In the past, in the U.S, I thought that there were many people who use the wheelchair outside. It meant that the cities and streets were accessible for them.

The speaker also tells in the TED talk that many countries don't have the same laws as disabilities do and opportunities for disabled people are more limited if they don't have the laws or if they don't enforce them.
The fight is still continuing until all disabled in the world can receive the same rights.

Words in this story
advocate / a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy.
riddle /noun/  puzzle, enigma
exclusion /noun/
the process or state of excluding or being excluded.
ratify /verb/  confirm, approve

Rick Smolan : The story of a girl

Rick Smolan TED 2007
The story of a girl  (transcript)
Summary
I was sorry that I said that there is nothing to do for us to the story. Even if governments in the countries do not do anything, we can help a lot of children in the world.
Those are that l think to know about an adoption and to think about children after they were born.

It's because this is a story about a young Amerasian girl. It means children who had been fathered by American GIs all over Southeast Asia and then abandoned. There seem to be 40,000 children all over Asia. Probably, their fathers don't know that they became fathers.

And then, it's difficult for three people who are children, a person who grows the child and a person who becomes a parent for the child to understand about an adoption.

However, when foster parents think about the future of orphanages when orphanages have confidence to be happy, and when new parents think that it’s important to accept and not to erase the history of the orphanages, lives of all of them must be changed.

Although lives go on when nothing special happened, there is a big chance for everyone.

Words in this story
baptize /verb/  christen
intrigue /noun/  curiosity
ridicule /noun/  laughter
reluctantly /adv/ helplessly
prostitute /noun/ call girl