Ian Firth : Bridges should be beautiful

Ian Firth at TED2018
Bridges should be beautiful  (transcript)
Summary
This time, this is a story of a bridge.
Bridges have been helping us for a long time.
Not only carrying something and creating communities but also there are bridges to grow and develop cities and counties and enhance people's well-being.  If there is a beautiful bridge in the city, the bridge becomes a symbol of the city and the city will be famous and growing.
And then the most important things are functional, safe, and durable. For them, money shouldn't be tight with money because people might die.
However, if money is used for design, the bridge is too expensive to be chosen by a competition.
What is true beauty?
It's to neatly work, not to be judged only by appearances, and it's not too deluxe but it's not too petty. It should continue evolving with the time.
The speaker who is a bridge designer really loves bridges.

Words in this story
stagnate /verb/ stop moving
neatly /adv/ cleanly, accurately
adequate/ adj/  sufficient, enough, requisite
obstacle /noun/  barrier, hurdle

Nick Hanauer : Beware, fellow plutocrats, the pitchforks are coming

Nick Hanauer at TEDSalon NY2014
Beware, fellow plutocrats, the pitchforks are coming  (transcript)
Summary
In the article, there were many words that l didn't know. First, I've never heard the words “plutocrats,” “pitchforks,” and “the trickle-down policies”.

Plutocrats mean wealthy people or financial cliques.

Pitchforks are materials that are large and long-handled forks for lifting and tossing hey or grain. In this story, pitchforks seem to not show the usual pitchforks used in the field but show pitchforks that are upward to fight by citizens.
The reason that is the anger of the people is the gap between rich and poor getting wider.

There are always plutocrats in our world, you know. The ratio of plutocrats and citizens is one percent to 99 percent, however, the top one percent shared about eight percent of national income turned to over 20 percent in thirty years. The bottom 50 percent shares are decreasing. The problem is that it's getting worse every day.  1)

The second problem is that not only plutocrats but also politicians and people believe the trickle-down policies. 2)

The trickle-down policy is a theory that advocates the wealthy in society as a means to stimulate business investment in the short term and benefit society at large in the long term. It's thought that the world doesn't need to raise the minimum wage costs jobs because many people will lose their jobs.  3)

However, the trickle-down policy is too old to work. Our economy has to have the same kinds of feedback loops that we see in a natural ecosystem now. It's between costumes and businesses. Raising wages increases demand and hiring. It leads to more increasing wages, demand and profit, so the virtuous cycle of increasing prosperity is needed for today's economic recovery.

This thought seems to be called middle-out economics.

The message from the speaker is that plutocrats have to change their thoughts for an evolution of our capitalism, or the pitchforks will be coming. (, the pitchforks will be coming otherwise. )

Words in this story
defeat /noun/ loss, conquest
exploit /verb/  utilize, harness
inclusive /adj/ including or covering all the services, facilities, or items normally expected or required.

Rebeca Hwang :The power of diversity within yourself

Rebeca Hwang at TED2018
The power of diversity within yourself  (transcript)
Summary
I thought at first that the speaker was Japanese because she looked like one of my friends. That's why I chose the article.
She was troubled about her identity and where her home was because she was born in Korea, grew up in Argentina and learned in the United States. Additionally, she was said to be Japanese from her Korean friends when she went to Korea.

I think that is why we don't like a person who is different from us.

Korean receives an education that Japanese is a bad person, thus Korean doesn't really like Japanese. The words that the speaker received must be insulting words, she explained that she had big eyes and her reaction was a foreign body language, though.
Almost all Japanese won't like Asian, Japanese is Asian, though. So am I. What I don't like is that people say to me that I am Asian or yellow.

And then, people will feel envious. I feel envious of her who speaks not only English but also Spanish and Korean and who has a Danish husband and a child who speaks four languages.

Envy always will turn heat. People can't agree with it and can't embrace differences. 

However, she was strong. She decided to embrace all of the different versions of herself.
Our world is increasingly global today. It might not need to quest your identity and tribe.

What we have to find is diversity and what we have to have is a lot of doors.

Diversity within yourself is really powerful that not only Japanese people but all people in the world need. It must be the power that the problem of admitting immigrants can be solved.

P.S. Is her sentence correct? 
"She was too Korean to be Argentinian, but too Argentinian to be Korean".
If it’s right, I might want to say that I'm too Japanese to change others or to speak English frequently...

Words in this story
insulting / disrespectful or scornfully abusive.
multiplicity /noun/ a large number.
betray / expose (one's country, a group, or a person) to danger by treacherously giving information to an enemy.
pivotal /adj/  central, crucial, vital
obscure /adj/  unclear, uncertain, unknown, in doubt, doubtful

Penny Chisholm : The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet

Penny Chisholm at TED2018
The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet  (transcript)
Summary
I'm depressed because l know that there are many things that l don't know and l can’t explain well, thus l don't know what to write first about the story.
The speaker is an oceanographer that means a person who is a scientist who researches ocean life.
Photosynthesis means a biology process of using sunlight to produce carbohydrates. Especially, plants have and our Earth is really helped by the process that they have.
In this story, the tiny creature is Prochlorococcus that is a marine microbe is said to be the most abundant photosynthetic species on the planet.1)
In fact, it's too small to be discovered, 2) it has existed for millions of years, though. 3)
People in the speaker's team thought that its sound was electronic noise.
After one year later, they realized that it wasn't really behaving like noise. 4)
It's 35 years ago. 5)
Its size is about less than one- one hundredth the width of a human hair. 6)
And then according to the research, Prochlorococcus seems to be able to take solar energy and CO2 and turn those into chemical energy in the form of organic carbon. It can also lock sunlight in those carbon bonds. This is what secretly powers the planet of the tiny creature.

It means that you might use solar energy that is said to difficultly store anytime and anywhere in the near future. 7)
However, our Earth’s environment is not good, thus marine microbes are expected to be reduced. 8)
Can we use the energy? Or, will we kill them before that?

Words in this story
pasture /noun/ grass
smitten /verb/ smite /smīt/ strike with a firm blow.
ecosystem / a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
chlorophyll /noun/ a green pigment
be doomed / likely to have an unfortunate and inescapable outcome; ill-fated.

Dan Gibson : How to build synthetic DNA and send it across the internet

Dan Gibson at TED2018
How to build synthetic DNA and send it across the internet  (transcript)
Summary
I knew again from the story that combining science and the internet is really great.

The process of the flu vaccine manufacturing is amazingly chagined by inventing a biological printer that can be called biological teleportation. In the generation, not only a person but even medicines and vaccines can teleport. 
First, the functions and characteristics of all biological entities that include viruses and living cells could be written into the code of DNA. The biological printer can read and write that code of DNA, then they can be reconstructed and printed in a distant location.

Until now, its process was that the virus was isolated, packaged up, sent, injected into chicken eggs, incubated, and you have to wait for six months to use.

In the near future, personalized medicines can be printed at bedsides of patients in every hospital without any human intervention immediately. Countries and hospitals don't need to stock and ship vaccines. Nothing is left over but is shorted, however, it can save thousands of lives.

Words in this story
teleportation /noun/  the fictional or imagined process by which matter is instantaneously transferred from one place to another.
abstract /adj/ theoretical, conceptual, notional
utilization /noun/ use, usage, employment, exercise
biomaterial / synthetic or natural material suitable for use in constructing artificial organs and prostheses or to replace bone or tissue.
fabricate /verb/ create, make, build, prepare
deposit /noun/  money paid on account, partial payment, part payment

Bronwyn King : You may be accidentally investing in cigarette companies

Bronwyn King at TEDxSydney
You may be accidentally investing in cigarette companies　(transcript)
Summary
The speaker knew that people have been accidentally investing in cigarette companies that kill many people who have cancer by smoking. She suggests a way that people can't invest them. It's used three questions that people can know whether their money goes to those companies or not.
She strongly tells us that cigarette companies make products that kill seven million people every year but they use children to make products.
And then, although there is a risk that there are families that work at cigarette companies, the tobacco industry ranks the world's least reputable industry, thus people won't need paying the costs of them.

However, in Japan, people won't listen to such a story about tobacco, even if the speaker tells us important things. The reasons are that the speaker is a woman, companies and governments have a strong tie, Japanese children don't work and can't work, and cigarettes are expensive because more than half of cigarettes' price is tax. People think that a person who smokes is a good person who pays tax, so I wasn't surprised by the title but I thought that her three questions don't have an effect.

This is a problem that all cycle has to be changed.
Cigarette companies can get gains without making tobacco.
Children can go to school without working.
People who love smoking can find something they love without smoking.
The most important thing is that there are superannuation fund systems that use much money and our tax.
Or is it good that only the death rate is decreasing?  How many numbers is it allowed?

Words in this story
complicit /adj/ involved with others in an illegal activity or wrongdoing. colluding is to come to a secret understanding for a harmful purpose, conspire, plot, scheme, plan
oncologist /noun/ a person studies of tumors

Greg Gage : How sound can hack your memory while you sleep

Greg Gage at DIY Neuroscience
How sound can hack your memory while you sleep (transcript)
Summary
I really wanted to use this way for studying English, that's why I chose this story to read.
In the story, a memory game was used for the experiment and this time, each picture  was given with a sound. After you did this memory game, you slept.  Do you think that you listen to those sound while you sleep helps you play it when you wake up?
Joud Mari said confidently, "Yes, exactly!"

My answer is that just those sound must help you to memorize. I've heard that it's easy for us to memorize something with the sound and the color. You must have used colored pens already. After that, the sound and the color are cues to bring back your memories, even if you don't listen to the sound while you sleep.

Our sleeping time will be longer than the time when we who aren't students study and we know that sleep is when the brain transfer-term memories experienced throughout the day into long-term memories. Thus we want to use that time really.

If we summarize something we want to remember neatly with the sound and the color, it helps our brain to memorize. 

I try to use the sound and the color to memorize English words.

Words in this story
pique /verb/ a feeling of irritation or resentment resulting from a slight, especially to one's pride.
consolidation /noun/ integration
pause /noun/ a temporary stop in action or speech.
reactivating /verb/ restore (something) to a state of activity; bring back into action