Isaac Lidsky : What reality are you creating for yourself?

Isaac Lidsky at TEDSummit 2016
What reality are you creating for yourself?  (transcript)
Summary
You must believe that blindness ruins your life. Blindness is a death sentence for your independence. It's the end of achievement for you and it means that you live an unremarkable life, small and sad, likely alone.
However, those are fictions born of your fears, your excuses, rationalizations, shortcuts, justifications, and your surrender. They are fictions you perceive as reality. Let them go and create your reality that you decide responsibly.
Open your hearts and your hearts must have the eyes that can see true reality.
Harness your internal strength and silence your internal crisis.
Correct your misconceptions about luck and success.
When you accept your strengths and weaknesses, you can see reality through your heart’s eyes.
There must be happy there.

Words in this story
ambiguous /adj/ vague, (of language) open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning.
compelling / compel /verb/ force or oblige (someone) to do something.
discipline /noun/  control, training
engender /verb/ cause or give rise to (a feeling, situation, or condition).

Carl Honoré : In praise of slowness

Carl Honoré at TEDGlobal 2005
In praise of slowness  (transcript)
Summary
In Japan, there was a plan that was Yutori-kyōiku and there is Premium Friday to try to carry out Slow life.

Yutori-kyōiku was a Japanese education policy which reduces the hours and the content of the curriculum in primary education. However, it's failed.
People didn't know about its true meaning.
Japanese education was only to remember a lot of things without discussion and teachers were struggling because they were very busy without holidays.
Reduced the hours and the content of the curriculum have to turn into the hours where students and teachers can discuss or do something creatively or spend their families, but they were in poor.
Premium Friday is that government recommends ending work at 15:00 every last Friday each month to spend more enriched lives.
However, last Friday each month is the busy day and people work on Saturday and Sunday in Japan. We can't use it and we think that only people working in the government can use. 

We have to know that there are bad slow and good slow that is the new revolutionary idea.
We're hurrying up through our lives and we think that it's better to do many things faster.
However, We have to hear our inner voice from our bodies or notice around us from our environment.

When we think about our daily life, work style, health, and relationships, we don't have time to think what we have to really do now.
Our lives are not racing and the most important measure of the success in our lives is feeling that our relationships are a lot deeper, richer and stronger. It must start from knowing what true meaning is to praise of slowness.

Words in this story
synonymous /adj/ (of a word or phrase) having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or phrase in the same language.
anonymous /
(of a person) not identified by name; of unknown name.

Noreena Hertz : How to use experts - and when not to

Noreena Hertz at TEDSalon London 2010
How to use experts - and when not to  (transcript)
Summary
I strongly agree on what the speaker tells us in the talk.
We believe and rely too much on experts.
We listen to whatever experts’ opinions are right or wrong, we take them, and our brains switch off to think.
I think that especially Japanese people do that. They obey their fathers, teachers, doctors, and government every day without thinking well.

Relying on only experts means that there are high risks, dangerous because our world and society are complexities with interest and huge data.  Experts also make mistakes and they do a lot of things for money.

We have to keep our independent decision-making part of our brains switched on.
We have to learn that relying on experts too much is dangerous to live well from now.

Words in this story
surrender /verb/
cease resistance to an enemy or opponent and submit to their authority.
expertise /noun/  skill, skillfulness

Isabel Wilkerson : The Great Migration and the power of a single decision

Isabel Wilkerson at TEDWomen 2017
The Great Migration and the power of a single decision  (transcript)
Summary
The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African-Americans.
They left South to cities in the North and West between World War 1 and 1970s to flee the Jim Crow.

The Jim Crow is the law to enforce racial segregation in the Southern United States. It mandated racial segregation in all public facilities.
It continued to be enforced until 1965, however, there was no freedom there after that. And then the Great Migration happened.

However, the speaker tells us that they seemed to take it willingly. She explains that the first time they had a chance to choose for themselves what they would do with their innate talents.

I think that the action is important, even if the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.
It's not that they abandoned their ancestors and escaped but they freed themselves to seek freedom that must be believed the power of a single decision.

Words in this story
flee /verb/ escape, run away
freed /verb/ release, set free
segregation /noun/ isolation
mandate /verb/ give (someone) authority to act in a certain way.  instruct, order, direct
emancipation /noun/ release, liberation, the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation.
proclamation /noun/ statement, a public or official announcement, especially one dealing with a matter of great importance.

Mark Bittman : What's wrong with what we eat

Mark Bittman at EG 2007
What's wrong with what we eat (transcript)
Summary
Who believes the story?
We don't need eating meat, junk food, white bread and Coke for health. 1 ) 
Those have been marketed and creating unnatural demand. 2)
In fact, only governments and companies do to get benefits.
They don't think about our health and Earth-friendly diet. 3)
They create processed food by using energy and release gases.
To creating more products, more gases are released by growing livestock. 
We eat those products and breathe those gases and we become not healthy. 

If we don't eat processed food and meat or eating less of them,
we can think that we become healthy and many gases are not released. 

No one doesn't want to believe the story,
but this is our reality and we have to improve our own eating habits. 

Words in this story
release /verb/ emit
thoughtlessly /adv/ carelessly
omnivorously /adv/ (of an animal or person) feeding on food of both plant and animal origin.

Dan Dennett 4: Cute, sexy, sweet, funny

Dan Dennett at TED2009
Cute, sexy, sweet, funny  (transcript)
Summary
I start thinking that I might be able to write this report. From now, I decide that I don't choose difficult articles absolutely. 

Finally, I thought that I've heard such a story that is about a wiring system of our brain.
That is not that we like chocolate because it is sweet but sugar is high energy, thus the brain is wired up to the preferer.
It is not that Guys go for girls because girls are sexy but it's wired up to the preferer and not that we adore babies because they're so cute but it's also wired up to the preferer. It's because we live.
And then we seem to have a rewarding system of our brain.
This is the joy of debugging and we love to fix something even during dirty work if we get rewards.

I understand why the stories are complicated. It's because our markets always use those systems to sell many products or we use them to be loved by men. We can use backward systems if we know our brain systems.

We must use them to decrease our weights or to continue studying English.
I do that and that's all. My report is finished, but I don't know whether my cough is recovering or not.

Words in this story
creationist
evolutionist /noun/ a person who believes in the theories of evolution and natural selection.

Dan Dennett 3: The illusion of consciousness

Dan Dennett at TED2003
The illusion of consciousness  (transcript)
Summary
I regretted why I answered strangely in our class last Saturday.
Is this the suggestion he (the speaker) said in the article?

People expect detail that isn't there when they see something that, for example, there are just even little blobs, so all things seem to start from their expectation.

People think that he must be good at explaining something because he is a philosopher.
They think that they must see something when they get closer to it.
I think that I will be allowed when I answered something in English.

The brain isn't putting the detail in their head. The brain just makes them think that there is the detail there, but there isn't there.
The speaker tells us that again. The brain isn't putting the detail in your head at all. It's just making you expect the detail.

People will say that they saw it with consciousness though these might be just little blobs.
Our consciousness is like that.
We see an illusion that our brain is making us expect the detail.

Words in this story
illusion /noun/ hallucination
consciousness /noun/ the state of being awake and aware of one's surroundings.

Dan Dennett 2: Dangerous memes

Dan Dennett at TED2002
Dangerous memes  (transcript)
Summary
Again, l regret that I've chosen his(the speaker's) article and never read his books before. I think that counting reading his articles is understanding them easily, however, l feel that it's getting more and more difficult to understand.
He told about the meme at the end of the previous story and said to audiences something with him. It's that every time you read it or say it, you make another copy in your brain.
It must be spreading memes.
A meme is an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture.  It's not through genes but through writing, speech, gestures, rituals, or other imitable phenomena with a mimicked theme. And then it's getting infectious.
Something in your mind influences outside. Education, religion, and ideas are not being passed on genetically but live on as memes. There are a lot of toxic ideas among all ideas.  When toxic ideas spread as memes like germs, they can wipe out cultures or traditions or practices. Although some people might have an immunity, many people in the world don't have. It's a big deal and dangerous.           
The speaker tells us to get the facts without emotion to stop bad memes.

Words in this story
imitable
infectious /adj/   infection /noun/ the process of infecting or the state of being infected.
influence /verb/  affect  influence /noun/  effect, impact,
hence /adv/  consequently
unleash /verb/ release from a leash or restraint.

Dan Dennett 1: Let's teach religion — all religion -- in schools

Dan Dennett at TED2006
Let's teach religion — all religion -- in schools  (transcript)
Summary
I regretted that I chose this article easily and I was disappointed in my thought that I would get an answer of the title. It's right or wrong to teach all religion in schools. 1)
Additionary, I didn't know that the speaker was an atheist. 2)
In Japan, many people are members of no religion and I'd thought that it's not good to learn moral. 3)
In the world, I think that having religion must be a good thing, however, why do wars happen for religion? Why can't people agree to learn another religion? 4)
Does your religion teach you to hate your neighbors? Does it teach you to fight wars?
My understanding of this story is to know about my ignorance and his opinion must be a paradox.
Knowing about your religion more without hating others. People can't own their children. It is difficult to tell the bare facts without your emotion.  Now must be the time when people face their problems beyond their religion. That’s all.

Words in this story
atheist /noun/ a person who disbelieves or lacks belief in the existence of God or gods.
agnostic /noun/ a person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of the existence or nature of God or of anything beyond material phenomena; a person who claims neither faith nor disbelief in God.
sanctity /noun/ dignity

Michelle Obama : A passionate, personal case for education

Michelle Obama at Elizabeth G. Anderson School 2009
A passionate, personal case for education (transcript)
Summary
I found this talk in a playlist that is Talk by fierce moms, so the second Sunday, in May, was Mother's Day and all people have a mom. It doesn't matter whether you have a child or not, if you don't love your mother, and if your mother is not alive.
We are such humans who were born by their mom so we have to be grateful that we were born and what we have more and we have to work hard during our whole life.

And then the speaker tells us that the difference between a broken community and a thriving one is the healthy respect between men and women who appreciate the contributions each other makes to society.
The speaker is Michelle Obama who is a wife of  Barack Obama who is a former president of the United State.
Their goal was to devote themselves to closing the gap between the world as it is and the world as it should be.

In Japan, it's difficult for a woman who doesn't have a child to live though I understand from this talk that it doesn't matter. I work hard for Japan and the world. It doesn't matter that I am not a politician.
I'm grateful that I was born and what I have now on Mother's Day.

Words in this story
settle /verb/ resolve or reach an agreement about (an argument or problem).
estate /iˈstāt/noun/ property, assets
integrity /inˈtegritē/noun/  honesty, probity, rectitude

Sherry Turkle : Connected, but alone?

Sherry Turkle at TED2012
Connected, but alone?  (transcript)
Summary
The speaker might give up talking about this problem already.
The problem in the talk of 2012 was for everyone to use texts too much without meeting face to face recently and the suggestion she showed was to make time when you didn't use your smartphone, 1) to create sacred spaces at home and at work where all members of a family or coworkers didn't have TV, computer and smartphones, 2) and to listen to each other or one another. 3)

Now, the situation must be worse but people won't think that this is the problem.

Their smartphone offer people gratifying fantasies.
People can put their attention wherever they want it to be,1) feel to be heard always, 2) and  can think that they never have to be alone. 3)
People must be changed their psyches completely by what they never have to be alone.

People, now, see their smartphones always, even if they are with friends or with their family or their children call them.

Now, people won't think that they have to cultivate the capacity for solitude and appreciate who people are without their smartphones.
Although it will be said that the true capability for solitude and the true feeling to appreciate is not cultivated by using smartphones, no one notices those. Time runs like that.

Words in this story
psyches /noun/  soul, spirit, (inner) self, ego
substitution /noun/  exchange, change, replacement
capability /noun/  ability, capacity, power
capacity /noun/  volume, size, magnitude

Sarah Murray : A playful solution to the housing crisis

Sarah Murray at TED@Westpac
A playful solution to the housing crisis  (transcript)
Summary
This talk is about how you can build your house. It's difficult to build it because it's expensive and many people don't know how to build better. Probably, you will try only one time in your life. You can't fail, however, you haven't experienced it and can't practice. Thus the speaker created a game. It's quite realistic and that you can build your own house in the game. It means that you can know many things before building your own house.
Whether the house is built from nontoxic components or not, and from light gauge steel frame construction or not. 1) How can you decrease construction costs by 20 percent? and environmental waste by 15 percent? 2) Of course, you can choose your chair and color for walls in the game. 3) By helping 3D printer, you can experience building a more high-quality house. 4)
It'll be wonderful that every person can build your own house the way you want, you design reasonably and quickly. This is a playful solution to the housing crisis.

I thought that the problems are that in Japan, building houses are expensive and I don't like playing games, though, there is another problem in Japan.
In fact, there is more than enough houses in Japan, but companies build to get more benefits. However, it doesn't become an affordable price because the government also wants to get benefits.
The common people are struggling.

Words in this story
intricately/adv/ complicatedly
complexity /noun/ the state or quality of being intricate or complicated. complicatedness
complex /adj/ consisting of many different and connected parts.
complicate /verb/ make (something) more difficult or confusing by causing it to be more complex.

Kevin Kelly 4: How AI can bring on a second Industrial Revolution

Kevin Kelly at TEDSummit 2016 How AI can bring on a second Industrial Revolution (transcript)
Summary 
I’m surprised that the speaker tells us that the technology is growing now is worth in the first hour of the internet. This is the beginning of the beginning. 

Agriculture revolution, Telephone, and Skype appeared and we can have iPhone in our hands one another are thought big revolution, though, those will be disappeared 25 years from now. 

Only 20 years from now, the most popular AI product will be created and everybody will use it, however, it has not been invented yet, so future AI will be alien intelligence. We must not think that we can make something that we can think. 1)

I don't understand well that everything that we had electrified will become that we’re going to cognify. 2)

Robots are going to be doing many of the tasks that we have already done. They're going to produce even more jobs than they take away. 3)

However, the champion in the world is not an AI, of course, it's not a human. It's the team of a human and an AI for all aspects. 

We must not forget this and we, humans make future AI to create our world better. 


Words in this story
cognify /verb/ the speaker made this word. 
deduction /noun/ deductive /adj/  the action of deducting or subtracting something
distract /verb/  divert, sidetrack, draw away

Kevin Kelly 3: Technology's epic story

Kevin Kelly at TEDxAmsterdam
Technology's epic story  (transcript)
Summary
If we were to eliminate every single bit of technology in the world today, we, as a species, would not live very long. It means that we would die very quickly. 1)
Stone tools in the ancient period, simple tools, clothes, and even fire are effectively minimal technologies. 2)
And then humans occupied on the Earth and became the most dominant species with technologies 3) so technologies can be said that they are ourselves.  4)
We're still inventing and this seems to be what technology is allowing us to do. 5) We, humans, call it technology 6) that is anything a human mind makes and that is very useful. 7)
Technology is accelerating all the aspects of life. It's evolvability. 8)
The story leads to how technology evolves.
It's because technology is never rid and doesn't die like the accumulation of ideas.
The long-term trends of evolution need ubiquity, diversity, specialization, complexity, and socialization.
Technology's epic is the same as in biological evolution. It can be said that it’s a way to evolve the evolution and it leads us to finding out who we are.

Words in this story
order /noun/ regularity, system, method
epic /adj/ of, relating to, or characteristic of an epic or epics.  heroic, long, grand

Kevin Kelly 2: The next 5,000 days of the web

Kevin Kelly at EG 2007
The next 5,000 days of the web  (transcript)
Summary
The speaker told us that the Internet, the Web we used was born 5,000 days ago and he was curious about what’s going to happen in the next 5,000 days.
Now is the time when about ten years have passed since this story was told and told many things by him in this TED talk amazingly happened.
When I was a kid, each Family used a fixed telephone in Japan. It's not for free. Speech fee depended on the distance and time spent talking, thus I couldn't talk for a long time and couldn't talk with someone who lived in far places. I, of course, didn't have computers in my house.
Now, I have a smartphone in my hand and through the Skype or Messenger, I can not only talk but also see your face for free. It happens in the world.
The speaker tells us the situation that the screen we see in the world is looking into the one machine to connect the cloud wirelessly and always. There are spreadsheets on the Web and it's possible to link data.
We are so dependent on Google, we don't need to remember many things, we can search each other and it's said that we are the Web.
The speaker said that we are going to be the machine and devices would be portals into that.
This is our current world.
There's only one machine, and the Web is its OS. All screens look into the One to share. We think that we want to connect the One strongly. The One is us.
We've already been the One.
We're curious about what's going to happen in the next 5,000 days from now. It must not only be better but also create a new kind of stage in this development globally.

Words in this story
embody /verb/ be an expression of or give a tangible or visible form to (an idea, quality, or feeling).
enable /verb/  allow, permit, let, give the means
anticipate /verb/  expect, foresee, predict

Kevin Kelly 1: How technology evolves

Kevin Kelly at TED2005
How technology evolves  (transcript)
Summary
I thought that the TED talk had old thoughts because it's told over 20 years ago, but it's wrong.
It's a great thought because the speaker tells us that we come back to life if we keep extending the origins of technology. And then it leads to an evolutionary perspective.

About evolution, it can be said that nowhere on Earth have we ever been where we don't find life, it never retreats, it's ubiquitous and it wants to be more. This is a life, namely, evolution.

The long-term trends of evolution need ubiquity, diversity, specialization, complexity, and socialization.
Like life sorted in plants, animals, fungi, archaebacteria, and eubacteria protists, technology is the seventh kingdom of life and it's sort of up. It's because technology has the important idea of resurrecting. It's hard to rid and doesn't die like the accumulation of ideas.

This is how technology evolves. Technology evolution is the same as in biological evolution. It can be said that it’s a way to evolve the evolution and it leads us to finding out who we are.

Words in this story
technology /noun/ the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. technique, art, skill, technic
retreat /noun/  withdrawal
resurrect /verb/ restore (a dead person) to life,  raise from the dead
archaebacteria / archae bacteria

Christian Picciolini : My descent into America's neo-Nazi movement — and how I got out

Christian Picciolini at TEDxMileHigh 2017
My descent into America's neo-Nazi movement — and how I got out  (transcript)
Summary
Even if you know that your parents really love you, a little thing can bring you somewhere where you think that it's not good.

The speaker really knew that his parents loved him though he had gone into in the group of neo-Nazi.
Neo-Nazi is a new idea that is indicative of Nazism. Like justifying genocide, it's terrible and does the same thing Jews were done.

When he became a father, he was noticed for what he did, but the group was his identity, community, and purpose.
His wife and children left him and he closed his store.
When he lost everything, he walked away from the movement.

He thought that hatred was born of ignorance, there were fear and isolation there, and it led him to the group.

Someone's compassion must help people who try going to the group like he did. He doesn't want them to do what he did. He wants them to have skills to compete in the marketplace. This is his compensation.

Words in this story
descent /noun/  drop, fall
indicative /adj/ symptomatic, expressive, suggestive,
ignorance /noun/ unawareness, unknowingness, unfamiliarity
compensation /noun/  recompense, repayment

Amishi Jha : How to tame your wandering mind

Amishi Jha at TEDxCoconutGrove 2018
How to tame your wandering mind  (transcript)
Summary
I thought that the speaker’s suggestion was very difficult in the TED talk because we have to notice our wandering mind under high-stresses more. Pay attention to our attention to tame our own wandering mind. Its training will make you strong.

Sometimes we notice that is our attention is distracted. However, it happens frequently and unconsciously.
The speaker called it that our mind is an exquisite time-traveling master like the music player.
We rewind the mind to past or let it go to future and frequently without our awareness, even if we pay attention and it's even worse under stresses.

However, she learned that the opposite of stressed and wandering mind is a mindful one. Mindfulness works with paying attention to our present-moment experience with awareness and can be trained by our daily mindfulness exercises. We can avoid our wandering mind. If we don't do anything at all, attention declines.
Exercising our mindfulness under small things or daily stresses every day leads you to protecting against adversity.

Words in this story
mindfulness /noun/ the quality or state of being conscious or aware of something.
distract /verb/ disturb
exquisite /adj/  beautiful, lovely
rewind /verb/ wind (a tape or film) back to the beginning.
mindful /adj/ conscious or aware of something. aware, conscious, sensible, alive, alert
perspective /noun/ outlook, prospect
perceptive /adj/ having or showing sensitive insight.
prospective /adj/ future, prospective

Rick Warren : A life of purpose

Rick Warren at TED2006
A life of purpose  (transcript)
Summary
Doing something for myself is not a true purpose of life. It's not about myself. It's about making the world a better place.

Throw something that you have down. It means that your value is not based on your valuables. It's based on a whole different set of things. The purpose of influence is to speak up for those who have no influence.

I knew about the movie: The Ten Commandments that the speaker told us in the TED talk because I watched it with my father when I was a kid.
I only remembered that the movie was scary, all my friends didn't watch it thus I couldn't tell anyone about it, and then l kept it secret though now I understood.

That is the great and important movie that I watched with my father who died this year, even all my friends don't know it.

Throw human desires down, working for something that wires you hard is that you have to do.

The good life is not about looking good, feeling good or having the goods, it's about good and doing good. A life of purpose should be giving your life away to help other people and to make the world a better place.

Words in this story
codify /verb/ arrange (laws or rules) into a systematic code. systematize, systemize, organize, arrange
commandment /noun/  order, directive, imperative
fame /noun/  renown, celebrity
marginalize /verb/ treat (a person, group, or concept) as insignificant or peripheral.

Steven Pinker 5: Is the world getting better or worse? A look at the numbers

Steven Pinker at TED2018
Is the world getting better or worse? A look at the numbers  (transcript)
Summary
We must know about the numbers in this story. In the analysis of recent data on homicide, war, poverty, pollution and other things are better progressively than 30 years ago.

However, it doesn't mean that everything gets better for everyone all the time but people, especially intellectuals hate progress.
It seems to be because it comes from our cognitive psychology and the nature of journalism.

According to the cognitive psychology, we have the availability heuristic that is a mental shortcut to estimate risks. We estimate risks easily from memory when we judge it easily. It means that we think that bad things can happen quickly, but good things aren't built in a day.

However, human nature works here. We learned from his previous TED talks.
We have the power to seek our connection 1) and an instant for language. 2)
We can grow our imagination 3) and reason. 4)

This is his last story that is really difficult.
His message is that although the numbers are better, we have to overcome our heuristic ability and we have to continue to apply knowledge to enhance human flourishing. There must be no limit to betterments we can attain.
The speaker tells us that we will never have a perfect world and it would be dangerous to seek one.
However, we have to do because we are the only sentient creature with the power of reason and the urge to persist in its being.

The message I got ftom this story is that we have to learn why we live more. It's not that just we live but we have to redeem what we've lost now.
It's our resource that opens a space for a kind of redemption.
The speaker tells us that human nature has been blessed with it.

Words in this story
instant /adj/ happening or coming immediately.
heuristic /adj/ enabling a person to discover or learn something for themselves.
betterment /noun/ improvement, amelioration
attain /verb/  achieve, accomplish, reach
sentient /adj/ able to perceive or feel things.
redeem /verb/ compensate for the faults or bad aspects of (something).
redemption /noun/  saving, freeing from sin, absolution
blessed /adj/ made holy; consecrated.

Steven Pinker 4: The long reach of reason

Steven Pinker and Rebecca Newberger Goldstein at TED2012
The long reach of reason  (transcript)
Summary
I wondered that the story can reach a conclusion and l always mistook the meaning of reason. In the TED talk, reason is not just a cause but the power of the mind to think, to understand, and form judgments logically.
Additionally, it will be better to think about the meaning of reach is not arriving but expanding.

The story is starting from the sentence: Reason appears to have fallen on hard times. It means that we've thought that reason is always right because it must not emotionally work, however, we sometimes feel that reason doesn't have a power that is rational and logical.

In fact, reason depends on passion and it can go toward conflict and strife. It’s changing easily. Even if there's sympathy, prejudice changes reason.

And then we restore it by using our reason so this is a spiral shape.

I think that if moral helps or the spiral is growing well, reason works well.

However, when we want to be opposed to something, reason works well also.

The speakers’ talk was really difficult. It must continue to the next story.

Words in this story
hilarious /adj/ extremely amusing.
quagmire /noun/ a soft boggy area of land that gives way underfoot.
tribalism /noun/ the state or fact of being organized in a tribe or tribes.
sympathize /verb/ feel sorry for, show compassion for

Steven Pinker 3: The surprising decline in violence

Steven Pinker at TED2007
The surprising decline in violence (transcript)
Summary
The speaker tells us that no one really knows why violence has declined, however, he has four explanations that have some grain of plausibility.

There is a policy that people will retaliate savagely when they are invaded. A deterrence power is working. 1)

People have known about the value of life 2) and the value of others. 3)

Our sense of empathy is improving. 4)

People just got sick of the carnage and cruelty. This seems to be that it outstrips behavior by the standards of the day.

I was shocked by one example of his third explanation.

It's about dropping bombs on Hiroshima, Japan in the World War 2.
When I was a student, I learned that l had to be remembered it as only real fact without discussing.
It was only a sad event, and then l thought it never happened from now.
However, I’ve read from some articles that Japan started the World War 2 and didn't stop it, thus the bomb was inevitably dropped. My head was full of inevitability, it's necessary and Japan should apologize. However, this article tells that Americans should not bomb Japan because we’re a country that built minivans that Americans used. It's said probably after big earthquake and tsunami, 3/11.

I don't know what I was shocked at clearly, l haven't gotten an answer though l think that we, Japanese people, have to not only learn about our histories but also discuss those more.

The speaker tells us that people couldn't acknowledge past culture because of guilt.

However, media can announce many things quickly in our modern world. It leads to misunderstanding, but it sometimes helps us.
It wouldn't be unnatural to change our thoughts, it might not achieve answers, no one might know it and there wouldn't be right answers.

The speaker’s conclusion is that we shouldn't discuss why there is a war but we should discuss why there is peace. We have to train our imagination to trade places with someone else. It increases our moral consideration to other people.

Words in this story
violence /noun/  brutality, savagery
plausibility /noun/ believability
retaliate /verb/ take revenge
savagely /adv/ brutally, viciously savagery /savijrē/noun/
deterrence /noun/ determent, intimidation
acknowledge /verb/ accept or admit the existence or truth of.
Enlightenment /noun/ the action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened.

Steven Pinker 2: What our language habits reveal

Steven Pinker at TEDGlobal 2005
What our language habits reveal  (transcript)
Summary
I know about an example of the story.
The story tells us that language is a window to look at human nature. It's not a creator or shaper of human nature.

Language is always testing you and you are testing someone by using language unconsciously. Language is used indirectly and ambiguously. It's complex and this is human nature.

I think that you also know that the words promise and obsoletely don't often work accidentally.
The speaker didn't tell us that language is ironical. I always think so and we have to be careful.

Words in this story
complexity /noun/  complication, problem, difficulty
complex /adj/ complicated
ironical /adj/  ironic
perpetuate /verb/  keep alive, keep going
recede /verb/  retreat, go back, go down

Steven Pinker 1: Human nature and the blank slate

Steven Pinker at TED2003
Human nature and the blank slate  (transcript)
Summary
I understood why l thought that this was a difficult story to write a summary. It's because I didn't want to understand and accept. Probably, people must think that also.
We suspect that the human mind is a blank slate.
We want to think that all of our structure comes from socialization, culture, parenting, and experience.
However, we want to have absolute proof of the bond with family. And then it's won.
I don't want to be my mother.
I think that I have many differences between my mother and me now, however, what is it?
However, I know that I often do and say like my mother had done and said.
I just hope that I have my parents' gift though it doesn't open blossoms.

Words in this story
blossom /verb/ˈbläsəm/ (of a tree or bush) produce flowers or masses of flowers.
blank /adj/ (of a surface or background) unrelieved by decorative or other features; bare, empty, or plain.
slate /noun/ slāt/ a fine-grained gray, green, or bluish metamorphic rock easily split into smooth, flat pieces.

Ian Bremmer : How the US should use its superpower status

Ian Bremmer at TEDxNewYork 2016
How the US should use its superpower status  (transcript)
Summary
Last year, after all, Donald Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States.
The referendum of the United Kingdom showed to leave the EU surprisingly.
In June, the first North Korea-US conference is going to be held.
In Russia, of course, Putin was elected again.
In Japan also, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe can continue to be this place. However, the population is aging rapidly but in China and India, the population is ten times as big as Japan. About economic growth, the number will be thought very important though no one notice in Japan.
Even in America, the population is three hundred million. America wants to be number one though now, many things that are thought that it's not supposed to be that way happen.
Obviously, China wants to do more leadership but America and Russia also want to do more leadership. China is expanding into Africa and the China South Sea.
The problem of refugees is not solved for a long time. Mexico has always tension because of Trump.
I think that the world depends too much on Trump and Abe who are not Gods but people only complain to them.
Why can't all countries help one another?

Words in this story
perspective /noun/  outlook, view, viewpoint
emulate /verb/ compete with

Rébecca Kleinberger : Why you don't like the sound of your own voice

Rébecca Kleinberger at TEDxBeaconStreet
Why you don't like the sound of your own voice  (transcript)
Summary
The speaker tells us that unfortunately, our relationship with our own voice is far from obvious like we wear a mask in society. Our voice seems to be indistinguishable from how other people see us and to be used rarely for ourselves. We use it as a gift to give to others. It's how we touch each other. And then by listening to the voice, we can understand possible failures of what happens inside. I think that that's why we don't like the sound of own voice.

However, the speaker tells us that our voice is one of bodies’ important part to decide many things. It makes us humans and we can interact with the world by using our voice.  By listening to our voice, it can be used to find our diseases.

I think that this leads to being said that it's important to hear our inner voice and we have to spend with our voice well to live healthily.

Words in this stoy
tactile /adj/ of or connected with the sense of touch.
larynx /noun/ ˈlariNGks/ vocal chords
holistic /adj/ holism
phenomenon /noun/  event, happening, fact
unleash /verb/ release from a leash or restraint.

Simone Giertz : Why you should make useless things

Simone Giertz at TED2018
Why you should make useless things  (transcript)
Summary
Wow! I remembered that I also made many useless things when I was a kid.
My mother was good at sewing and she made my sister’s and my clothes often. I copied my mother, but l couldn't make anything well. What I sewed is called a poor quality and what homeless used. Last, my mother said to me that stop making useless things. I was disappointed.
However, l had passion to make something somehow. I believed that one day, l could make beautiful things if l would practice hard.

The speaker tells us that the true beauty of making useless things is to acknowledge something that we don't always know what the best answer is.
And then she tried thinking that she was going to build things to fail because what she made was nearly impossible to fail.

I see. It means that she succeeds always by using that way, she can remove all pressure and expectations from herself, and her pressure seems to be replaced by enthusiasm. It allows her to just play or enjoy.

I hope that one day, she faces huge failure.
Her failure that is building things to fail is failing is her success.
After all, failure teaches success.

Words in this story
enthusiasm /noun/ passion
quiver /verb/  shake
dare /verb/ have the courage to do something.
versatile /adj/ able to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities.

Clemantine Wamariya : War and what comes after

I love the way she talks

Clemantine Wamariya at TEDWomen 2017
War and what comes after  (transcript)
Summary
People must think that people will be saved by ending wars.
However, its experiences are never forgotten, even if families who are thought that they would die are alive and could see again. There's no way to be able to restore the time they lost.

People think that words can change the situation, however, words won't be enough to heal.

If wars aren't stopped, people who can't be healed are more increasing, it's hidden, and no one notices them.

Words in this story
dehumanize /verb/ deprive of positive human qualities.
tease /verb/ make fun of or attempt to provoke (a person or animal) in a playful way.
restore /verb/ bring back (a previous right, practice, custom, or situation); reinstate.

Chip Kidd 2: The art of first impressions — in design and life

Chip Kidd at TEDSalon NY2015
The art of first impressions — in design and life (transcript)
Summary
The speaker is an American graphic designer and now he's been one of the most famous book cover designers.

The job of the book designer is to pull what this book is. This becomes the first impression of books that should not show or not explain all.
And then his arts seem to have two keys. Those are clarity and mystery.

Clarity can get to the point when you notice it. In the cities, there are a lot of ways though many people don't notice them.

Mystery is the opposite side of clarity. It's more complicated, however, it demands to be decoded.
We somehow want to solve a mystery when we see a mystery.
However, bizarre things happened sometimes when we solve it wrongly.

What pulls the design?

Did you notice his arts?
Let's find it and when you perceive them, it must make you happy and give not a usual day but a special day.
The design can help your life.

Words in this story
conviction /noun/  belief, opinion, view, thought, persuasion
convince /verb/  persuade, satisfy
allure /verb/ powerfully attract or charm; tempt.

Chip Kidd 1: Designing books is no laughing matter. OK, it is.

Chip Kidd at TED2012
Designing books is no laughing matter. OK, it is. (transcript)
Summary
I thought that the speaker was a fashionable person because he wore a smart dress that I've never seen. That had been that his jacket was dark blue, but it had bordered with orange tape, his pants were orange color, his necktie was dark blue and orange stripes, and his glasses were the round glasses which had only one temple that I saw it from the left side like floating in the air.

I wondered why the designer who would always sit and use pens could speak with very nice humor.
However, I think that his job is a sad and hard job because many people would not remember or notice about the cover, the spine, and illustrations of books.
We are busy to read and understand contents of those, but we will recently buy it from Kindle or many people who are busy to play games and use the internet won't read books.

We lose traditions, sensual experiences of having books, and even humanities,
How can we remember about ink and papers of scents and touch?

In fact, I noticed that I've read the book in which a woman who named Aomame appeared and that the speaker who created its cover told us in the last, however, I couldn't remember its cover design, completely and unfortunately, that's been a really famous book, though.

The speaker is an American graphic designer and now he's been one of the most famous book cover designers.

The job of the book designer is to pull what this book is. It should not show or not explain all.
When you finish reading the book, you can connect contents and the book design.
That moment must give the speaker new ideas of the book cover as the famous book designer.

Words in this story
skanky /adj/ (especially of a person) dirty and unpleasant.
benign /biˈnīn/adj/ soft, tender
underlying underline /verb/
(especially of a layer of rock or soil) lie or be situated under (something).
clandestine /adj/  secret

Daniel Susskind : 3 myths about the future of work (and why they're not true)

Daniel Susskind
3 myths about the future of work (and why they're not true)  (transcript)
Summary
Is it okay?
What you believe about the future of work is not true and those are three things.

Machines only displace human beings from their work. 1)

The tasks of driving a car and making a medical diagnosis are done better by humans. 2)

People feel guilty for being more productive because they will take away the work of another man.3)

Why aren't they true?

Machines not only substitute for human beings from their work but also complement them in other tasks and make them more valuable and important. 1)

Now, a system which can tell you whether you are cancer or not as accurately as doctors. It means that machines do many works that you think that people only do. 2)

More productive by using machines leads to falling prices off, rising demand and increasing a hiring possibility. 3)

The speaker said once more wny those are not true.
It's because we, our side that is human, believe those myths.
We don't understand that by cooperating with machines, new jobs and demand will be increasing, however, the work that people do withers away.

However, it means that our traditional mechanism disappears. If we can think in very different ways, we can enjoy our life with a light work and with much time.

Words in this story
vanguard /noun/ advance-troops
constraint /noun/  restriction, limitation, curb, control
fallacy /noun/  misconception, misbelief, delusion, mistaken
complement /noun/ a thing that completes or brings to perfection.  addition, supplement

Gwynne Shotwell : SpaceX's plan to fly you across the globe in 30 minutes

Gwynne Shotwell at TED2018
SpaceX's plan to fly you across the globe in 30 minutes  (transcript)
Summary
I was a little disappointed because Elon Musk didn't appear in this TED talk, the story was about SpaceX, though.
I don't know that Elon Musk is the founder, Chief executive officer (CEO), and leads designer of SpaceX and Gwynne Shotwell is President and Chief Operating Officer (COO)at SpaceX.
SpaceX is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company.
The goal is reducing space transportation costs 1) and enabling the colonization of Mars 2).
Reducing space transportation costs means not only about fuel and engines but also reusing aircraft and carrying many passengers, so by using the rocket of SpaceX, not only we can go to Mars, we can go around the world in 30 minutes and to China from America in about 10 minutes.
People thought that men were good at math, physical and sciences and space businesses were considered as men's work.
The period is possible to travel by using rockets and to work regardless of the gender.

Words in this story
densify /verb/ make (something) more dense.
reliable /adj/  dependable, good

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie : The danger of a single story

I wrote this without seeing my previous summary that was written in November 2016. It's as follows.
Is my writing skill improving?

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at TEDGlobal 2009
The danger of a single story (transcript)

A New Summary
I thought that this story has nothing to do with me though it's wrong. It always happens around me.
Other countries’ people think that Japan is a wealthy country, Japanese people think that politicians do only bad things, and l think that people think always do opposite things that I think show the danger of a single story.
People just think that a single story strongly and doubtlessly and they continue to tell it unconsciously. It will create stereotypes and the problem with stereotypes. It might be true, but it’s incomplete.
Like one story becomes the only story that shows all and it has the power that robs people of dignity.
People can't recognize our humanity and feel about the difference between themselves and others.
This is certainly our recent world.
Many stories matter.
We have to know that stories have been used to dispossess and to malign, but stories can also repair that broken dignity.
Believing only a single story is dangerous.

Previous Summary
What is authentically African? Is the answer that people don't drive cars but they are starving?
Reading books is very fun. However, people are too affected by one story to think other things. Especially, the only negative stories are believed. Moreover, it creates stereotypes but it makes one story become the only story. If one area or one person has terrible stories, they have other stories that are not about catastrophe. A single story robs the dignity of people and the recognition of human equality. It emphasizes how people are different rather than how people are similar.
Stories have great influences. Many stories matter. Stories can be used to empower and to humanize more. It can repair something like broken dignity.
In Africa, there are stories that people have a very happy childhood, full of laughter and love. There is never a single story in the world.

That's all.
I thought that my new summary was used more adverbs and examples that didn't appear in the article. What do you think?

Words in this story
dispossess /verb/  rob,
malign /verb/  defame, slander
empower /verb/ give (someone) the authority or power to do something.
humanize /verb/ make (something) more humane or civilized.